Understanding PIL (Public Interest Litigation) in India with Real Examples

Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is a unique judicial tool in Indian law that allows any citizen or group to seek justice in public interest—even if they’re not directly affected. It empowers the public to challenge laws or actions that harm the common good.

This powerful concept was not explicitly written into the Constitution but evolved through judicial activism, especially post-1980, when courts opened their doors wider to the underprivileged and voiceless.

Who Can File a PIL?

Any Indian citizen or organization

Need not be personally affected

The issue must concern public interest—not personal grievances

You can file a PIL:

In High Court under Article 226

In Supreme Court under Article 32

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Real-Life PILs That Made a Difference

Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar (1979)
Sparked prison reform by exposing undertrial prisoners languishing without trial for years.

MC Mehta v. Union of India (1986)
Led to major environmental reforms, including pollution control and closure of harmful industries near the Taj Mahal.

Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan (1997)
Established guidelines against sexual harassment at the workplace—paving the way for the POSH Act in 2013.

Common Cause v. Union of India (2018)
Legalized passive euthanasia under certain conditions, affirming the right to die with dignity.

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How to File a PIL – Simple Steps

Draft a petition clearly stating the public interest.

Attach relevant facts, documents, and evidence.

File it in the appropriate court (High Court or Supreme Court).

Courts may appoint amicus curiae (assistants to the court) or seek reports before passing orders.

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Why Law Students Should Study PILs

Builds strong constitutional law foundations

Develops legal research and drafting skills

PILs are often discussed in judiciary and UPSC exams

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Final Thoughts

Public Interest Litigation in India has been a powerful democratic tool to ensure justice for all. It exemplifies how legal systems can be used not just for personal gain, but for the greater good of society. Whether you’re a law student, an activist, or a citizen, PILs show how the law can bring real social change.